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2011年11月14日 星期一

The southern and Northern Chinese (Mandarin) dialects

The plethora of the linguistic diversity of the Chinese languages in the South and a Mandarin unified in the North might be related to the geographical features of northern China and the South. "Dialects of Chinese Mandarin," are distributed between the plain of yellow and the plateau of Loess that has a flat terrain that promotes tourism and, consequently, easy contact between the people there. Ramsey observes that "this remarkable difference Linguistics between a unified North and a fragmented South is a measure of how much life and society have been affected by geography". As a result of this geography, creates an area of northern Chinese more uniform with mutually intelligible dialects. In contrast, mutually unintelligible dialects are spoken in the areas south of the Yangtze River because there are people stood by mountains and rivers.

The dialects of the North, with almost 900 million speakers, are commonly subdivided into four main varieties: characteristic of the Northwest, North, River, and Southwest. The Northwest variety refers to the dialects spoken in the region of the plateau of loess with the ancient capital city Xi'an as its Center. The variety right North is spoken in areas as Hebei province, province of Shangdong and provinces in the northeast (Manchuria). This variety is the basis of the standard dialect in modern China. The language was formed through immigration large scale persons residing in this area over the past several hundred years. Therefore, Northeast dialects have a strong resemblance to other dialects of the North as in the majority of migrants settle there originally moved from the area of the northern dialect. The River variety spoken in the region to the North of the Yangtze River around the city of Nanjing was once considered the most prestigious dialect of the nation during and after the Ming dynasty. The Southwest variety developed out of several waves of emigrants to settle in the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou China central after the dynasty Ming.

During the 18th century the Qing emperors sent troops to settle in these remote areas permanently with their families and encouraged immigration on a large scale of Hubei and Hunan provinces to reclaim land in Southwest China. As a result, the Southwest variety in many ways resembles the language spoken in Hubei province. North China usually has fewer tones of Chinese dialects in the South. However, the most notable feature distinguishing Chinese North of the southern Chinese dialects mutually unintelligible is perhaps the lack of stop endings that prevail in many dialects of the South such as Wu, Yue and Min.

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2011年11月10日 星期四

Languages of Mandarin Chinese, transcription systems and character sets

Many dialects are spoken in China. Mandarin is a category of related Chinese dialects spoken in most parts of North, Central and Western China. However, Mandarin, as it is known in the world, refer to standard Mandarin (or modern standard Chinese) based on the dialect of Mandarin spoken in Beijing. Standard Mandarin is the official language known as Putonghua in China. Standard Mandarin is also one of the five official languages of the United Nations and is used in many international organizations. Phonologic descriptions show the structural model of a Mandarin syllable is an optional initial consonant followed by the vowel, and then optionally followed by an alveolar nasal ending or velar. Another component of the Mandarin syllable is the tone which primarily specifies the tone of the syllable pattern. Technically, a syllable occurs in terms of its initial, final and tone. Mandarin Chinese is a tonal language because tones, just like consonants and vowels, are used to differentiate words each other.

Chinese linguists have proposed various systems of transcription of Mandarin. But the most popular are Hanyu Pinyin. Hanyu Pinyin was accepted as the official transcription system of the Chinese language in 1958 by the Chinese Government. The transcription system used in the entry of Chinese characters in the computer systems.

Currently, there are two sets of Chinese characters used by the users of the Chinese language, namely, traditional Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters. Traditional Chinese characters have been used since the century v. This character set is still currently used in some Chinese communities overseas. Simplified Chinese characters originate in the simplification of formal, during the 1950s and 1960s. Now, this simplified Chinese character set is the system of writing in China and is accepted by the United Nations. Computer systems, use different codes for these two sets. The code of guobiao, are silenced (GB) is a national standard character encoding in China. Refers to the set of GB 2312-80 issued in 1981, the GB 18030-2000 set issued in the year 2000. There are 6.763 Chinese characters in GB 80 3212 established code.

Chinese Mandarin is known as monosyllabic because most of the words are one syllable in length. This is true for classical Chinese, but it is no longer true for modern Chinese. A large number of polysyllabic words used today in the Chinese newspaper. One syllable when it pronounced with different tones corresponds to different characters. A Word is written in polysyllabic form with two or more characters. Already Chinese texts without spacing between words, an additional effort is required to segment a phrase in parts of the word. Due to these characteristics, the design of the corpus of Chinese language needs additional considerations. Most of the developed Chinese language processing systems recently is standard Mandarin. Few of them meet other dialects such as Cantonese, Min nan, Hakka, Wu, etc..

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